Every pixel is a published number from the sources below. We change the data only by choosing years, converting units, ranking and colouring it; no source endorses these maps. Each clip ends with these notices. Pages and data were retrieved 28–29 Oct 2026.
The democracy map uses V-Dem data under CC BY-SA 4.0, so that map, its clips and its data file are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Coverage: 175 countries, 1800 to 2023 (224 years); pre-1950 mostly Gapminder estimates
How we count: Period life expectancy at birth: how long a baby would live if it faced that year's death rates all its life. Low early values are mostly about deaths in childhood, not adults dying at 30. Full method
Sources: OWID life expectancy · Human Mortality Database · Clio Infra · UN WPP 2024 · Gapminder (before 1950 only) · Natural Earth
Coverage: 171 countries, 1800 to 2023
How we count: Under-five mortality: of 100 babies born that year, how many die before their fifth birthday (Gapminder publishes deaths per 1,000; we divide by 10). Full method
Sources: Gapminder · OWID child mortality · Natural Earth
Coverage: 175 countries, 1800 to 2023 (224 years); pre-1950 mostly Gapminder estimates
How we count: Total fertility rate: the average number of children a woman would have at that year's birth rates. Full method
Sources: UN WPP 2024 · Gapminder (before 1950 only) · OWID fertility rate · Human Fertility Database · Natural Earth
Coverage: 157 countries; 1820 to 2022, benchmark years before 1950
How we count: GDP per person in 2011 international dollars: adjusted for inflation and for price differences between countries (purchasing power parity). Full method
Sources: Maddison Project 2023 · Natural Earth
Coverage: 174 countries, 1750 to 2024; coverage grows as records begin
How we count: CO₂ from burning fossil fuels and industry (cement etc.), divided by population. Excludes land-use change such as deforestation. Full method
Sources: Global Carbon Budget 2025 · Natural Earth
Coverage: 169 countries, 1789 to 2025; V-Dem covers about 65 countries in 1800 and 170+ today
How we count: Colour: V-Dem's electoral democracy index (0 to 1): free and fair elections, universal suffrage, freedom of association and expression. Expert-coded, about 4,000 country experts. Full method
Sources: V-Dem v16 · Natural Earth
Coverage: 172 countries, every year 1940 to 2025
How we count: Each country's average surface air temperature for the year minus its own 1991–2020 average, from the ERA5 reanalysis (weather observations combined in a physics model, on a ~30 km grid, averaged over the country's land). Full method
Sources: Copernicus C3S ERA5 · Natural Earth
Coverage: 316 local authorities × 9 years (FYE 2016 to FYE 2024)
How we count: ONS private rental affordability: average private rent as a share of the median gross income of private-renting households, by local authority, financial years ending 2016 to 2024 (one value per year). Full method
Sources: ONS rental affordability · ONS boundaries + postcodes
Coverage: 318 local authorities × 29 years (1997 to 2025), England & Wales
How we count: ONS 'House price to workplace-based earnings ratio' (released 26 March 2026), table 5c: the median price paid for homes in each council area (year ending September, HM Land Registry data via ONS House Price Statistics for Small Areas) divided by the median gross annual full-time earnings of people who work there (ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, April). The look-up pages also show table 6c: the same for the cheapest quarter of homes and the lowest-paid quarter of workers. Full method
Sources: ONS house price to earnings · ONS boundaries + postcodes
Coverage: 40 countries × 106 quarters (2000 Q1 to 2026 Q2)
How we count: OECD house price-to-income ratio (nominal house prices divided by nominal disposable income per head, index 2015 = 100, seasonally adjusted). Full method
Sources: OECD house prices · Natural Earth
Coverage: 111 countries × 4 periods (H1 2025 to Q2 2026); 36 regional-estimate economies excluded
How we count: Microsoft AI Economy Institute "AI Diffusion" estimates: the share of the working-age population (15–64) using generative AI, from anonymised Microsoft telemetry adjusted for device and platform market share. It is a modelled estimate, not a survey, and covers only H1 2025 to Q2 2026. Full method
Sources: Microsoft AI Diffusion · Eurostat · Natural Earth
Coverage: 41 countries × 7 years (2019 to 2025)
How we count: OECD average annual wage per full-time-equivalent employee, at constant prices (inflation-adjusted, OECD base year 2025), in national currency. Full method
Sources: OECD average wages · Natural Earth
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. (Riley covers world regions only and is not used here.)
Data date: Updated 22 Oct 2025; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /life
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Human Mortality Database (2025), via Our World in Data.
Data date: HMD 2025 release
Used on: /life
Licence: CC0 (no notice required)
Required notice: Zijdeman et al. (2015), Clio Infra.
Data date: 2015
Used on: /life
Licence: CC BY 3.0 IGO
Required notice: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
Data date: 2024 revision
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Based on free material from GAPMINDER.ORG, CC-BY LICENSE
Data date: Fast Track repo, last commit 14 Oct 2026 (files we use last changed 5 Apr 2026 / 16 Nov 2025 / 7 Aug 2024); retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Life expectancy and babies per woman: used before 1950 only. Gapminder life expectancy for 1950–2019 comes from IHME GBD, which has non-commercial terms, so it is not used.
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (UN IGME values © UNICEF are not used)
Required notice: Gapminder (2015); UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2025) – processed by Our World in Data.
Data date: Updated 9 Jun 2026; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used only to flag which pre-1950 years rest on data. No UN IGME values are shown.
Used on: /child
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Human Fertility Database (2026); UN, World Population Prospects (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data.
Data date: Updated 22 Oct 2025; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /births
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Human Fertility Database (2026), via Our World in Data.
Data date: 2026
Used on: /births
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 – with minor processing by Our World in Data.
Data date: Updated 26 Apr 2024; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /gdp
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Required notice: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data.
Data date: Updated 13 Nov 2025; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /co2
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (share-alike)
Required notice: Coppedge et al. (2026), V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v16, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds26. V-Dem (2026) – processed by Our World in Data.
Data date: Updated 17 Mar 2026; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Share-alike: V-Dem data are CC BY-SA 4.0, so the democracy map, its clips and /d/democracy.json are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 too. You may reuse them, including commercially, if you credit V-Dem and release what you make from them under the same licence.
Used on: /democracy
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus licence since 2 Jul 2025)
Required notice: Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Data date: Updated 12 Oct 2026; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Processed by Our World in Data (country land averages vs 1991–2020).
Used on: /heat
Licence: Open Government Licence v3.0
Required notice: Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.
Data date: Published 18 Aug 2025 (official statistics in development); retrieved 28 Oct 2026
Used on: /rent
Licence: Open Government Licence v3.0
Required notice: Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. Adapted from data from HM Land Registry licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. © Crown copyright 2026.
Data date: Released 26 Mar 2026 (2025 earnings provisional); retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /house
Licence: Open Government Licence v3.0
Required notice: Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2026. Contains Royal Mail data © Royal Mail copyright and database right 2026.
Data date: Boundaries Dec 2024; NSPL Aug 2026 (published 3 Sep 2026); retrieved 28–29 Oct 2026
Licence: OECD Terms and Conditions (reuse, including commercial, with citation)
Required notice: OECD (2026), Analytical House Prices Indicators, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 28 Oct 2026).
Data date: Updated 9 Sep 2026; retrieved 28 Oct 2026
Used on: /home
Licence: OECD Terms and Conditions (reuse, including commercial, with citation)
Required notice: OECD (2026), Average annual wages, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 28 Oct 2026).
Data date: 2026 release; retrieved 28 Oct 2026
Used on: /wages
Licence: MIT License
Required notice: AI Diffusion Report data, Copyright (c) 2026 Microsoft, MIT License.
Data date: Q2 2026 update; retrieved 28 Oct 2026
Used on: /ai
Licence: Eurostat reuse policy (CC BY 4.0)
Required notice: Source: Eurostat. © European Union, 1995–2026.
Data date: Updated 5 Jun 2026; retrieved 28 Oct 2026
Used on: /ai
Licence: Public domain
Required notice: Made with Natural Earth.
Data date: v5.1; retrieved 29 Oct 2026
Used on: /life · /child · /births · /gdp · /co2 · /democracy · /heat · /home · /ai · /wages
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